Rheumatoid Arthritis
Let's have a look at a scenario: Mrs. Loognam, a forty-five-year-old woman, accompanied by her daughter, visits her primary care physician office, complaining of pain and stiffness in both of her hands and wrists.
She says to the doctor, "I love to knit. Every year, near the holiday season I knit holiday-themed scarfs for family. But this year the knitting has been difficult to perform due to severe pain and stiffness in both of my hands and wrists." Furthermore, she explains, "Tasks such as cooking and cleaning are not easy." She continues to explain to her doctor that her seventeen-year-old daughter wants to attend medical school with the hope of serving rural communities where there is not sufficient access to healthcare. For this reason, along with her daughter, they read health and medical topics on the Internet. She informs her primary care doctor that recently she read a health scenario from “Chakriwat Medical Information” on osteoarthritis, where Mrs. Weelai was featured as the fictional patient. She asks her primary care doctor that is it possible that she, like Mrs. Weelai, has also been suffering from osteoarthritis? Mrs. Loognam’s doctor replies that he would like to ask a few more questions concerning her medical history. "How long have you been experiencing these symptoms? Is the pain and stiffness on both sides of your hands and wrists, or are the symptoms on one side only?" "I began having these symptoms about a year ago. I feel pain and stiffness in my hands and wrists, and the pain is progressively becoming worse each year." "Is the pain and stiffness at its worse in the morning, during the day, or at nighttime?" "I wake up with excruciating pain and stiffness in both of my hands and wrists, and it has been a routine for the past few months that my daughter prepares ice packs in the morning so that I can ice my swollen hands and wrists." She continues to explain that the pain and stiffness usually last a little bit over an hour, and as the day progresses the pain and stiffness become more manageable. She says she is always looking forward to the afternoon when the pain lessens. Her doctor meticulously notes her reply in the patient’s chart. He asks, "Are you experiencing pain in any joints other than your wrists and hands, or any other symptoms?" Mrs. Loognam says, "At present, I do not have any symptoms other than in my hands and wrist, and besides the occasional fatigue, I feel fine." "Thank you for your patience, Mrs. Loognam. Next, I would like to perform a brief physical examination." With the previous questions the doctor narrows down the case through differential diagnosis. At her age of forty-five, Mrs. Loonam's severe morning pain and stiffness, described as lasting of a duration of more than one hour, and then progressively improving throughout the day, seems to rule out osteoarthritis. Patients who suffer from osteoarthritis tend to be older individuals (like Mrs. Weelai, our featured patient in the osteoarthritis article). Furthermore, the morning pain almost always lasts less than thirty minutes, and in some cases the patient experiences increased pain as the day goes on due to the increased pressure on their weight bearing joints (in the osteoarthritis article, Mrs. Weelai experienced a lot of knee pain toward the end of the day). In addition to this, Mrs. Loognam says that the pain and stiffness occur symmetrically in both of her wrists and hands. Mrs. Loonam’s medical history, such as her age, having such symptoms greater six months in duration, the symmetrical pain in both of her hands and wrists, and lasting for more than one hour in the morning, which ameliorates as the day goes on, should begin to point to the possibility of Rheumatoid arthritis as a possible diagnosis. These are the vital facts that Mrs. Loognam’s doctor will be mindful of once he begins the physical examination. During the physical examination, Mrs. Loognam is observed to be a cooperative forty-five-year old woman with a very friendly demeanor. Her hands appear mildly swollen bilaterally, especially on her knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints), which were warm to the touch. There is some decline in the mobility of her wrists, and the fingers display slight stiffness on active and passive movements. A pinprick test of her hands and fingers shows that the sensation is intact (no damage to the median, radial, and ulnar nerve branches to innovates the sensation in the hands and fingers). Her other joints including her knees and ankles appear to be normal on examination. "Based on the symptoms and the physical exam, I have strong clinical suspicions that you are suffering from rheumatoid arthritis." Mrs. Loognam’s daughter shows concern and promptly asks the doctor to enlighten them about this condition. The doctor explains that rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by a phenomenon termed as "autoimmune disease" (the patient’s own immune system attacking their own body tissue), which mainly affects women after the age of forty. The pathology of the disease describes the patient’s immune system as attacking their own synovial membrane, which has a very important function of lubricating the joints, reducing friction during joint movements. The chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue caused by the patient’s own antibodies will slowly damage all of the structure surrounding the joint (bone, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) causing a symmetrical disfigurement and eventually a loss of function. "I would like to order some lab tests to confirm my clinical suspicions." The doctor orders a blood draw to check for rheumatoid factor and an anti-CCP (anti-citrullinated protein antibody) along with an X-ray of both of her hands and wrists. In addition to this he prescribes ibuprofen, a type of NSAID, to manage the pain and the minimal inflammation of her hand. He asks her to return to the office in three days to go over the lab results and possible management options. Three days later Mrs. Loognam returns to the office accompanied by her daughter. The doctor shares with her that the blood work of her rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP both came back positive, confirming the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. On the positive side, he is glad that the diagnosis was made early while she is experiencing minimal symptoms and has not yet displayed any disfigurement or loss of function in the joints of her hands. He shares with Mrs. Loognam that the result of the X-ray of her hands and wrists shows minimal erosion in her joints. He would like to start a medication called methotrexate (one of the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) in order to stop the progression of her joint damage. "It is very fortunate that the level of inflammation in your hands and wrists is very minimal. The use of long term steroids, such as prednisone to combat inflammation can be avoided, as long term use of cortical steroids can cause side effects such as: increased infection, osteoporosis, weight-gain, and even mood changes." The doctor outlines the therapy that he would like for her to continue on. The ibuprofen prescribed will help combat pain, stiffness and inflammation of her joints, while her other medication, methotrexate will prevent the progression of joint destruction. He hopes that these two medications will alleviate the symptoms and allow her to get back to her daily routine. Six months later Mrs. Loognam returns to the office for a follow-up. She expresses to her doctor that the medication is helping her cope with the morning pain and stiffness, and that she has not noticed any decline in the function of her hands. Her doctor is happy with her progress and tells her that he will continue to closely monitor her symptoms and adjust her medication accordingly. Mrs. Loognam's enjoyment of knitting is back again and she hopes to finally finish knitting her daughter’s scarf in time for the next holiday season.
