Gluten-Free Diet and Celiac Disease
Is it almost that time of the week for grocery shopping? While walking through the aisles of the supermarket with the hopes of cooking up a delicious meal for your family, such as Pad Thai or Lard Na, you come to the most important decision, the noodle selection. What do you choose? Small noodles, flat noodles, or thin noodles? This is a crucial decision since there are many types of noodles in Thai cuisine. As you look closer at the different types, you notice that the packaging has a label indicating the product is “gluten free”. In fact, some supermarkets devote an entire aisle to gluten free foods. Have you ever wondered why this is? Is it perhaps just a healthy fad that celebrities are endorsing?
More accurately gluten free products are intended for individuals who are genetically predisposed to having antibodies against gluten products, leading to autoimmune destruction (your own antibodies attacking you) of the small intestine, which can have serious implications such as, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, vitamin deficiency, and even electrolyte disturbances, potentially affecting the body’s equilibrium. The serious condition of an individual predisposed to the harmful ingestion of gluten is termed celiac disease. It is estimated that celiac disease affects up to one in one hundred people worldwide! Our small intestine is entrusted with a significant physiological role. This is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The tissues that line the small intestine are epithelial cells. These epithelial tissues possess fingerlike projections known as microvilli. The functions of microvillus are to increase the surface area of the small intestines, in turn maximizing nutrient absorption. So what happens when an individual who has an antibody against gluten (the protein found mainly in wheat, rye, oats, and barley) consumes these products? As the gluten-containing protein makes its way to the absorption site of the microvillus of the small intestine, the individual’s antibodies against gluten mount an immune response against the gluten protein that are now attached onto the microvillus. This leads the individual’s antibody simultaneously attacking the gluten protein as well as the microvillus (autoimmune reaction-immune system destroying healthy tissue by mistake). As the microvillus are the site of absorption of nutrients and vitamins, patients will exhibit signs of chronic diarrhea, weight loss as well as symptoms of vitamin deficiencies, if the patient continues to be exposed to gluten containing products. How do the patients present, what is the diagnosis, and what are the treatment options? To better illustrate let’s take a look at a scenario. Mr. Vichai is a twenty seven year-old man who visits his doctor complaining of weight loss, diarrhea and fatigue. He confides in his doctor that he has experienced loose stool in the past but the frequency has increased this month. He notices that every time he visits the bathroom his stool appears loose, greasy and difficult to flush (this is termed steatorrhea - a fat malabsorption which is an element of celiac disease). Other than his condition Mr. Vichai enjoys his life as a civil engineer and a family man. Before the doctor begins to examine Mr. Vichai, he says that his wife has recently started experimenting with Italian cuisine, and that whenever he eats her very delicious spaghetti carbonara he will make frequent visits to the bathroom and often ill. Furthermore, he explains, that on his recent visit to Japan, he experiences the same symptoms when he eats a bowl of udon noodles. Although he has never had any problems eating rice noodle soup. The physical examination was unremarkable except for small clustered papules and vesicles found on his elbows and knees (these legions are known as dermatitis herpetiformis, present in around ten percent of people with celiac disease). From the history that Mr. Vichai shared, and the physical examination, the doctor has strong clinical suspicions of celiac disease. He draws blood to perform tests and schedules another visit with Mr. Vichai the following week to go over the lab results. Before the meeting concludes the doctor shares with Mr. Vichai his clinical suspicions and provides a handout on what types of foods to avoid. During the next visit, the doctor shares with Mr. Vichai that his blood work shows that he has iron deficiency anemia (which explains the fatigue-anemia is an element of celiac disease as iron can not be absorbed with damaged bowel) and he is positive for the IgA anti-gliadin antibody, which confirms the diagnosis for celiac disease. The doctor would like to schedule a small bowl biopsy to obtain a definite diagnosis as well as to check for lymphoma as patients with celiac disease can also develop lymphoma of the small intestine. Soon the biopsy of the small intestine comes back showing the flattening of the microvillus. Mr. Vichai is told to continue his regiment of a non-gluten diet (treatment). Two weeks later he returns to the office with his wife, expressing his happiness. He has gained weight and feels like his old self. His wife now realizes that there are many gluten-free products, so she can continue to experiment on her husband with Italian cuisine and Pad Thai, which is usually gluten-free. I hope everyone enjoys their delicious and healthy meals this week
