Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
In Thailand, there is an old adage of parents telling their children during meal time to sit up straight while eating or else they risk being reincarnated as a snake in their next life.
While the goal of this saying may be for the parents to affectionately teach their children proper table manners, the consequences of following this proverb proves to be beneficial in more ways than one. Sitting up straight during meal time not only promotes good body posture, but also sitting in this position during and immediately after eating minimizes symptoms of a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which tends to affect a high percentage of people globally. Every time we swallow food, it makes its way down toward our stomach via a hollow muscular tube termed the esophagus. Toward the terminal end of this food tube, where it connects to the stomach, there is a sphincter known as the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter has the important function of preventing the regurgitation of the acidic content in the stomach from travelling back toward to the esophagus. The repetition of the stomach acid coming up through the lower esophageal sphincter and irritating the esophagus gives rise to GERD. As the tissue of the esophagus is too sensitive to support the acidic environment of the stomach acid, the exacerbation caused by the stomach acid as it travels up the esophagus results in various symptoms such as heartburn. For a better understanding of gastroesophageal reflux disease, let’s examine this clinical vignette: Mr. Himanshu is a forty-five-year-old architect from New Delhi, India. He has been tirelessly working on a new project, constructing free public housing for the homeless in the suburb of this hometown. Today, he visits his primary care doctor with a complaint of recurrent chest pain. He begins by telling his primary care doctor that the previous evening, he had paid a visit to the emergency room because of a burning sensation in his chest after the evening meal. He confesses that he initially feared for the worst. He felt like he was having a heart attack. He continues to explain that once at the hospital the emergency room doctor swiftly gave him chewable aspirin tablets as a precautionary measure to protect his heart. Also, the emergency room staff administered an electrocardiogram (ECG), to assess his heart. To his relief, the result appeared to show normal electrical activity of the heart. Mr. Himanshu was instructed to follow up with his primary care doctor in order to investigate the cause of his chest pain. As the primary care doctor looks over Mr. Himanshu’s medical report, including the result of the ECG test from his visit to the ER on the previous evening, he asks Mr. Himanshu how often he experiences these chest pain episodes. Furthermore, the doctor asks him to describe in detail the symptoms he experienced and the events that led to his decision to visit the ER. Mr. Himanshu starts off by explaining to the doctor that he has experienced episodes of chest pain once in a while over the past couple years, and he has noticed that they usually happen after he indulges in a big meal. He continues to explain that work has been very stressful recently as it has always been his career goal as an architect to give back to the community. Mr. Himanshu goes on to explain that when he arrived home from work yesterday he had a cigarette while his wife prepared his favorite dish of spicy chicken Tikka Masala with garlic Naan bread and rice. After this salubrious meal, he laid down on his bed and turned on the television to watch the Delhi Daredevils, the cricket team that he has affectionately supported since childhood. He pauses for a moment and places his hand over his chest while proceeding to explain that at that moment he began feeling a burning sensation in his upper abdomen, which then traveled to his chest. The pressure and pain in his chest became unbearable to the point that breathing became an obstacle. This was when he asked his wife to take him to the hospital. The doctor meticulously documents the events on the chart. To obtain a better understanding of the overall picture of his lifestyle, the doctor asks Mr. Himanshu if he consumes alcohol, and how many packs of cigarettes does he smoke per day, and his caffeine intake level. In addition to this, the doctor asks Mr. Himanshu if there are any other symptoms that come to mind when experiencing these episodes of burning chest pain. Mr. Himanshu grins while acknowledging that he certainly isn’t the healthiest person, and an adjustment to his lifestyle is needed. He says that since the start of his new project at work, his habit of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and drinking coffee have all increased due to stress. In addition to occasional pain in his upper abdomen and chest, he tells the doctor that he often wakes up with a sore throat, a hoarse voice, a bitter taste in his mouth, and sometimes a very extensive coughing episode. Despite all of these alarming concerns, he finds it amusing that due to the hoarseness of his voice, his wife often jokes that he spends too much of his energy cheering for the Deli Daredevils! Upon physical examination, everything other than being overweight, appears to be within normal limits. The doctor explains to Mr. Himanshu that looking at his medical history coupled with his social habits, he is certain that the cause of Mr. Himanshu’s symptoms is due to the possibility that he suffers from gastroesophageal esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis of GERD is always made from a careful review of the patient’s symptoms and their social history, while the physical examination almost always results in normal findings. In Mr. Himanshu’s case, he has many risk factors for GERD, such as being overweight, smoking, body position (lying down flat after a meal), excessive alcohol, and caffeine consumption. The doctor explains to Mr. Himanshu that his symptoms are likely from stomach acid reflux which consequently leads to the symptoms he described. He shares with Mr. Himanshu that tobacco smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, have been known to relax the smooth muscles that make up the lower esophageal sphincter. (LES – the valve which prevents the stomach content from reversing to the esophagus.) Spicy food such as chicken Tikka Masala may irritate the lining of the stomach and increase the acid production. The doctor continues to explain that weight and body position also play an important role in GERD. During the previous evening, as Mr. Himanshu laid down on his bed to watch the cricket match after his meal, his excess weight bearing down on his stomach squeezed the stomach content against the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Given the fact that there is an inappropriate relaxation of his lower esophageal sphincter (due to his smoking, alcohol, and caffeine consumption), in addition to his body position of lying flat on the bed, the acid content is able to make its way from the stomach up the esophagus with ease. Granted that the tissue lining of the esophagus is too sensitive to handle the acid content of the stomach, it gives rise to multiple symptoms as the stomach acid moves up the esophagus. When Mr. Himanshu describes the burning sensation of his upper abdomen traveling up to his chest he is in fact describing the symptoms of heartburn. This comes from the inflammation of the esophagus as the acid travel upwards from the stomach. The morning cough that can often be mistaken for asthma, the hoarseness of the voice and the bitter taste in the mouth, can all be attributed to acid reflux. As the acid makes its way up the esophagus while he is sleeping during the night, it can reach as high as his throat and mouth causing inflammation to the voice box (laryngitis) along with leaving a bitter taste upon his waking the next morning. The doctor would like to start Mr. Himanshu on omeprazole, a medicine which is a type of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), which can reduce the acidity in the stomach. In addition to this, the doctor urges Mr. Himanshu to adopt a healthy life style starting with weight reduction. Shedding the pounds is important in eliminating the excess weight, which squeezes the stomach and forces the acidic content toward the esophagus. (Pregnant women can also be at risk of GERD as the excess weight can push on the stomach.) The doctor advises Mr. Himanshu to avoid food which can loosen the lower esophageal sphincter and increase stomach acidity such as: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, chocolate, peppermint, any kind of spicy food, and citrus fruits. In addition to this, the doctor advises Mr. Himanshu to eat smaller meals throughout the day as having a full stomach from a large meal runs the risk of having the lower esophageal sphincter become relaxed. Last but certainly not least, he warns Mr. Himanshu to avoid lying flat after eating, and also not to eat anything at night within three hours before bedtime and finally to elevate the head during bedtime. The doctor is confident that with the regiment of weight loss, avoiding trigger food, and taking omeprazole, Mr. Himanshu will have all the health and energy to concentrate fully on his humanitarian housing project while being symptom free. He is looking forward to a follow up appointment in two weeks to assess Mr. Himanshu’s condition, and the possibility of adjusting his medication according to progress.
