Complication of Diabetes and the Importance of Lifestyle Modifications
A few posts back we discussed the essential issue of making necessary lifestyle modifications (such as diet and exercise) as the first step towards preventing diabetes.
According to the International Diabetes Federation more than 371 million people world wide are affected by diabetes, while 187 million of them are undiagnosed and are unaware they are living with diabetes. With this statistic in mind, it is important to bring more attention to diabetes and its complications. Fortunately with proper care and education, people affected by this disease can live a healthy and comfortable life. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting in an individual having extremely high blood sugar level. There are two variations of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. In essence type 1 is inherited while type 2 is developed. Type 1 is also known as “insulin dependant” diabetes. Patients with type 1 are usually young as the onset occurs during childhood. They are thin and usually do not respond to weight loss as a form of treatment. The pathology of type 1 diabetes is characterized by the damage of beta cells, a group of cells in the pancreas, through genetic mutation/autoimmune disorders, or as a result of there simply not being enough beta cells in an individual’s pancreas. The function of beta cells is to secrete an important peptide hormone -- insulin. Some individuals lack the means of producing insulin. The vital role of insulin when secreted from the pancreas is to metabolize glucose in our blood, allowing important cells in our body to take up sugar from our blood stream. This in turn regulates our blood sugar level. As mentioned in the previous post under the comment section, the treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes would be simply to administer insulin. However it is up to the patient and their physician to come up with the most appropriate insulin regiment given the individual’s life style. The goal is to maintain a stable blood sugar and adhere to the treatment. In contrast, being overweight is a big risk factor for diabetes type 2. Individuals with diabetes type 2 have normal beta cells in their pancreas and are able to secrete insulin normally, however due to weight gain and an unhealthy lifestyle, their cells are insensitive to insulin, resulting in glucose in their bloodstream, which is unable to be metabolized. As mentioned in the previous post, maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise is the best initial therapy for diabetes type 2. In fact in 25 percent of the patients, dieting and exercise alone are enough to control the disease without pharmacotherapy. Complications from diabetes usually arise from poorly controlled blood sugar starting within the blood vessels, leading to damage of the vital systems (all complications arise from high blood sugar level). There are numerous complications from diabetes but here are some of the major ones: Hypertension: with the high sugar in the bloodstream from the inability of glucose to be brought into the cells to be metabolized, individuals with diabetes tend to have higher blood pressure from the plaques that have built up in blood vessels. This can lead to complications such as atherosclerosis. It is recommended that blood pressure should be below 130/80 mmHg in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Complications to the heart: angina/chest pain, heart attack – as a consequence from narrowing of the blood vessels from atherosclerosis which leads to inadequate blood/oxygen supply to the heart. Eyes: diabetic retinopathy - blood vessels in the retina swell up because of high blood sugar. (A yearly eye exam is essential in individuals with diabetes.) Kidneys: kidney failure due to interference of filtering system by damaged blood vessels. Brain: stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic form Nerve damage: as a result from sugar building up and causing nerve insensitivity (neuropathy). Common cases occur in the foot (lost of sensation) and stomach (bloating, fullness, constipation all due to inability for the nerve in the stomach to detect the stretching in the stomach. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is absolutely something people can prevent by having a healthy and active lifestyle. In this TED Talk, Dr. Neal Barnard gives a new insightful dietary approach based on our physiological evolution, and shares ideas that he feels can prevent or even reverse some of the complications of diabetes mellitus.