Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Miss Zhang is a thirty-year-old woman who lives and works in Shanghai, one of the busiest cities in China. Today, at the urging of her boss, she visits a clinic complaining of occasional weakness and numbness in her right hand.
“Good morning, Miss Zhang. I see that you have a complaint about your right hand. Can you please tell me more about your symptoms so that I may have a better understanding?” “It began gradually around six months ago, doctor. I would experience an episode of a tingling sensation in my right hand for a few seconds which would then resolve by itself. I thought nothing of it at first. Recently, along with the episodes of the occasional tingling feeling in my hand, I also have experienced a periodic weakness and numbness of my right hand especially during work hours. I am afraid that this will start to affect my health and work performance, doctor.” Miss Zhang says. “I see. Can you please show me where does this numbing and tingling sensation occur in your hand? The palm of your hand or the back surface of your hand? And does it involve all of your fingers?” The doctor asks as he jots down his findings on a chart. Miss Zhang calmly holds out her right hand with the palmar surface facing up. “The sensation occurs on this side, doctor. And it affects all of my fingers except for my pinky, and occasionally my ring finger. The palm of my hand, my thumb, index finger, and the middle finger, is where I experience most of the symptoms. Also, I forgot to mention that I often wake up once or twice at night with pain and numbness in my right hand. The numbness at night gets so bad to the point that I can’t move my hand and fingers for a few seconds.” “Have you ever had any prior injury to your neck, right arm, or right wrist before, Miss Zhang? Any medical conditions such as diabetes or thyroid problems that you are aware of?” “No, doctor. No injuries, and no health problems.” “Can you tell me a little bit about your job, Miss Zhang? I want to get a basic idea of your routine to see if there are any activities that may lead to the symptoms you are experiencing.” Explains the doctor as he gets ready to make notes in the chart. “Of course doctor, anything to get to the bottom of this. I can’t have this affecting my work! I work as a secretary to the CEO of a major financial firm located at the Shanghai World Financial Center.” Miss Zhang proudly explains. “I spend most of the day either in front of a computer scheduling the boss’ meetings or attending conferences taking notes for him.” She continues after a moment of pause. “The numbness and the weakness of my hand usually come when I do a lot of typing. It got so bad yesterday that I dropped the tea tray on a client as my right hand suddenly weakened. At that point my boss urged me to visit the clinic for a checkup. This morning, doctor, I took a train at the Lujiazui Station to get to your clinic. While on the train, I held onto the handrail as the train curved around the bend and after a few seconds I could feel the sensation of pins and needles starting in my right hand and traveling up my arm! I hope we will get to the bottom of this, doctor.” Miss Zhang says as she sighs deeply. The doctor explains to Miss Zhang that based on the symptoms she described coupled with her occupation, he has a strong suspicion that she is suffering from Carpal tunnel syndrome. According to the American Academy of Family Medicine, carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common nerve compression disorder affecting up to six percent of the general population. With this staggering figure in mind, it is vital that we bring attention and understanding to this very common medical ailment. The median nerve is one of the three nerves that is responsible for various movements and feelings in our hands. (The other two nerves are the ulnar and the radial nerve.) The median nerve is responsible for the sensation of the palmar side of the hand including the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger. (The other half of the ring finger and the pinky finger is innervated by the ulnar nerve.) The median nerve originates from a network of nerves from the neck known as the brachial plexus, which has the important function of supplying movements and feelings in the upper limbs. The median nerve innervates some of the movements and sensations to the hand by entering into the palm from the forearm through a very small tunnel at the wrist called the carpal tunnel. The cause of carpal tunnel syndrome can include anything which narrows down the tunnel the median nerve has to pass through from the forearm into the hand. In Miss Zhang’s case, the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome can be attributed to her occupation as a secretary. Being in front of a computer typing all day, the repetition and overuse of the hand and wrist can cause swelling around the carpal tunnel, squeezing the median, and resulting in tingling, numbness, weakness and even pain, along the distribution of the motor and sensory function of the median nerve. (The palm of the hand, thumb, index finger, middle finger, and half of the ring finger). Furthermore, carpal tunnel can occur if there is any injury to the wrist or along any part of the structure the median nerve passes through, such as the neck or the arm. In addition to this, any medical condition, which causes the narrowing of carpal tunnel such as diabetes, hypothyroidism or rheumatoid arthritis, must be taken into consideration as a possible causation of the condition. (Rheumatoid arthritis can cause deformity of the hand and wrists leading to narrowing of the carpal tunnel, while diabetes and hypothyroid can lead to weight gain in patients, causing the area around the carpal tunnel to decrease and narrow down compressing on the median nerve – these are the reasons the doctor asks Miss Zhang while exploring her past medical history if she has ever had any injury to her neck or if she currently has any medical conditions.) During the physical examination, Miss Zhang’s neck, shoulders and arms appear symmetrical and within normal limits. The doctor gently taps on Miss Zhang’s right wrist resulting in her reporting that she can slightly feel the sensation of pins and needles in her hand traveling up her right arm. The doctor explains to her that the sensation was elicited by him tapping above the median nerve at the wrist. This is known as a positive Tinel’s sign. The result of the physical examination reaffirms the doctor’s suspicions that Miss Zhang has carpal tunnel syndrome. As the cause of Miss Zhang’s condition stems from her occupation, which requires her to use her hand and wrist in a repetitive daily fashion to complete tasks. The overuse of her hand results in swelling of the right wrist causing a narrowing of the carpal tunnel leading to the median nerve being compressed. The doctor would like to begin with a non-invasive treatment. He prescribes ibuprofen, a type of NSAID to control her pain level and reduce the swelling of her carpal tunnel. In addition to this, he fits her with a wrist splint with the instruction that she should have it on while she sleeps and during her work hours. The wrist brace will keep her wrist straight preventing any flexion of the wrist, which will cause the carpal tunnel space to decrease resulting compression of her median nerve. (Hopefully the wrist splint will prevent episodes of tingling and numbness in her hands like in the case when she forcefully held on to the handrail on the train or during at night, and prevent her from sleeping with her wrist in a flexed position – the brace will keep her wrist as straight as possible preventing any unwanted pressure in the carpal tunnel.) The doctor would like to follow up with Miss Zhang in two weeks. At that point, he expects the swelling of her wrist to subside and hopes she will be symptom free. He reminds her again to give her hand some rest while she is at work even though she will be wearing a wrist splint. He is happy with her overall health and encourages her to continue a healthy lifestyle. He looks forward to seeing Miss Zhang’s progress at the next appointment.
