Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is believed to be a part of normal aging process in the male population due to changes in hormones resulting in an enlargement of the prostate gland. According to the American Urological Association (AUA), “about half of all men between the ages of fifty-one to sixty have BPH. Up to ninety percent of men over age eighty have BPH.” As BPH occurs in the majority of aging men, with a positive correlation between age and clinical symptoms, there is no doubt that more attention is needed in this health topic. For a clear understanding, let’s have a look at a scenario. Mr. Smith, a sixty-seven-year-old retired lawyer presents at his primary care doctor’s office today for a routine annual physical examination. He has a great relationship with his doctor who has been monitoring his health over the past thirty years. He enjoys spending his retirement by traveling to different countries and exploring diverse cultures the world has to offer with his darling wife. Above everything, Mr. Smith enjoys his long talks with his grandchildren, mentoring and installing in each of them the sense of responsibility, importance and pride of serving and contributing to society. His overall health is good other than slight elevated blood pressure. Over the last three visits to his primary care office, his blood pressure registered consistently slightly above 140/90 mmHg. Mr. Smith agreed with his doctor to adopt a low sodium diet and a forty-five minute regimen of walking daily in an attempt to reduce and control his blood pressure. However, if his blood pressure remains elevated even after he undergoes this lifestyle modification, the doctor recommended to Mr. Smith that a type of pharmacotherapy is needed to keep his blood pressure in check. “Good morning Mr. Smith. How are you doing today?” The doctor says, as he enters the exam room. “I am doing fantastic doctor, great to see you.” “Glad to hear that you are feeling well, Mr. Smith. During your last visit we discussed a low-sodium diet and light exercise to see if we can better control your blood pressure. Can you tell me how that is going?” asks the doctor. “My wife has been very strict on me about this, doctor. No more anchovies in my salad. No more salt on my popcorn. It’s tough because you know how much I like anchovies! Then again, I don’t want my arteries and my health to suffer from any damages due to high blood pressure. I want to live a long life to see my grandchildren become men. So I have been very good on my diet and my exercise regimen.” “Very good, Mr. Smith. Any other changes in your health?” “You have been my doctor for over thirty years and you know very well that I am not shy to tell you anything…Well, I’ve had problems urinating lately” Mr. Smith softly says. “Please tell me more about this, Mr. Smith.” “It actually began two to three years ago, where there were a few occasions that I had difficulty starting my urine stream. I had to really stand there, push, and concentrate for a few minutes before I am able to go. This happened once in a long while and I didn’t think much of it, so I didn’t feel the need to tell you. However, this year it has become more and more frequent. Furthermore, in addition to the difficulty of getting my stream going, the strength of my stream is not as strong as it use to be, and I always feel that my bladder is not completely emptied after going to the bathroom. This leads to the occasional embarrassment to my wife of dripping on my clothing here and there, even though she would never say anything, she does the laundry so I am certain that she knows something is going on with me. The most torturing thing about all of this doctor comes at nighttime. I never get a good night sleep anymore! I have to get up multiple times at night to use the bathroom, only with the urge to go again the minute I start to doze back to sleep.” “I am sorry to hear of your symptoms, Mr. Smith. I know it must be very frustrating. Judging from the symptoms you described to me, coupled with your age, I have a strong suspicion that you are suffering from a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia. With your permission, I would like to perform a focused physical examination and order some lab tests in order to confirm my suspicion.” The doctor explains to Mr. Smith that the prostate gland is located just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the tube that transports urine from the bladder out of the body. He continues to explain that the prostate gland is a part of the male reproductive system that carries out two important tasks during reproduction. The first function is to secrete prostate fluids, which make up one of the components of semen. The second function of the muscles of the prostate gland is to force the semen into lumen that transports sperm during ejaculation. Given the anatomical location of the tube that carries urine out of our body, it is surrounded by the prostate gland. Problems related to urination can occur as the prostate gland increases in size such that it can eventually squeeze and partially block the urinary tube resulting in clinical symptoms as the ones experienced by Mr. Smith. The doctor further explains to Mr. Smith that BPH almost occurs in all male population as they age due to changes in hormones. He continues by pointing out that in the normal physiological process, the male sex hormone, testosterone which is mostly produced in the testes, is converted by an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase into a metabolite of testosterone hormone called dihydrotestosterone. This hormone dihydrotestosterone is responsible for regulating and expressing certain male sexual characteristics in according to his age such as: increase in facial hair as a man gets older, changes in distribution of the body hair, hair loss, which results in male pattern baldness and finally, an increase in the size of the prostate gland as a man ages. The doctor explains to Mr. Smith again that enlargement of the prostate gland is considered a normal part of aging, and assures him that once the prostate begins to cause symptoms such as in his case there are many effective ways of management. Before the doctor begins the physical examination he asks Mr. Smith to produce a urine sample in a cup in order to perform urinalysis. This test is vital since patients with BPH suffer from urinary obstruction due to the pressure from the enlarged prostate gland. This causes urine being trapped in the urinary tube, which can cause infection or damage to the urinary structure. (In this case of urinalysis, the doctor will look for white blood cells in the urine, which is an indication of urinary tract infection. He will also screen for red blood in the urine, which can indicate the possibility of structural damage.) Next, the doctor explains to Mr. Smith that the prostate gland is palpable through the rectal cavity and asks for his permission to proceed with physical examination. Mr. Smith agrees. The doctor proceeds to put on a pair of glove to perform digital rectal exam in order to evaluate Mr. Smith’s prostate gland. “We are done with physical exam Mr. Smith. I apologize. I know this exam is not particularly comfortable but it was necessary to gauge your prostate gland.” “Boy, I am glad that the physical exam is over! What do you think doc?” Mr. Smith sighs in relief as he asks the question. “Your prostate felt smooth, symmetrical and large, which is consistent with the findings of BPH.” Says the doctor. He continues to elaborate that he is very happy that he did not feel any bumps (nodules) nor a boggy prostate upon the completion of the digital rectal examination as those findings are related to cancer and infection of the prostate. “This is a big relief, doc! As you know I used to smoke when I first came to you over thirty years ago. I was lucky that you helped me quit. Can BPH lead to cancer?” Mr. Smith asks. “In BPH the cells of the enlarged prostate gland are normal cells. There is no clear evidence that BPH leads to or increases the risk of prostate cancer.” He explains that he would like to refer Mr. Smith to a urologist to further monitor his progress. He shares with Mr. Smith that he would like to start him on a type of alpha-1 blocker medication called tamsulosin (Flomax). This class of medication causes the smooth muscle around the urinary bladder neck and the prostate to relax, leading to an uninterrupted flow of urine in turn reducing the pain associated with BPH. Furthermore, the doctor explains that this class of medicine is like “killing two birds with one stone” for a patient like Mr. Smith who suffers from both BPH and high blood pressure, as this particular class of medicine will benefit an individual with high blood pressure as it also possesses the property of dilating blood vessels, causing a decrease in blood pressure. The doctor reassures Mr. Smith that he believes Flomax will improve his symptoms. In the future if his symptoms worsen as he ages (beyond 7th decade of life), he will start Mr. Smith on another type of medication called finasteride (Proscar) a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. The mechanism of this medicine is that it prevents the hormone testosterone from converting into dihydrotestosterone in turn preventing the increase in the size of the prostate (remember dihydrotestosterone’s function is to express male sexual characteristics according to his age.) Lastly the doctor recommends that Mr. Smith limit his fluid intake before bedtime, as this will cut down the need for him to use the bathroom at night. In addition to this, he would like Mr. Smith to try voiding in a sitting position. For individuals with BPH, voiding in a sitting position has been known to help further empty the volume of bladder and at the same time, increase urinary flow rate. The doctor is delighted with the progress that Mr. Smith has made over his diet and exercise. He looks forward to seeing Mr. Smith at the next office visit where they will evaluate his response to the treatment of BPH and discuss the recommendations from his urologist.


