Cervical Cancer Screening in Developing Countries
Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women globally.
After watching Dr. Anna Nyakabau's incredibly insightful TED talk concerning cervical cancer in the midst of limited medical resources in her native Eastern African country of Zimbabwe, I can not help but to wonder: As cervical cancer is highly preventable with a simple screening test (Pap smear) and a vaccine, how can we take measures in making these necessary screenings accessible and more importantly, affordable to people living in developing countries and rural areas around the world? So, what and where is the cervix? More importantly, what exactly is cervical cancer? For a better understanding please allow me to explain a little bit of anatomy (I apologize in advance if this is inappropriate but the explanation is purely for the purposes of medical science). The cervix is located at the lower end of the uterus that opens into the vaginal cavity. Simply put, cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of proportion and the body loses control over these cells. Once these cells infiltrate the lymphatic system and enter into the blood stream, they can spread to other vital organs in the body (this is termed metastasis) disrupting their normal physiological function and eventually shutting the body down altogether. The current guidelines regarding cervical cancer prevention and screening in the United States are as follows: HPV vaccines (Gardasil) should be administered to all women between the age of thirteen and twenty-six. Gardasil is a very important vaccine due to the fact that it protects against HPV (human papillomavirus infection) strains six, eleven, sixteen, and eighteen. These four strains of human papillomavirus are widely believed to be the causation of roughly seventy percent of all cervical cancer cases. (staggering statistic!) Next: Pap smear screening (Papanicolaou test) at the office should commence once the patient reaches the age of twenty-one. This very important screening test should be repeated once every two to three years until the patient approaches the age of sixty-five. The objective of this screening test? Early detection -- to look closely for abnormal cells on the cervix or any serious atypical cells that may arise. This will allow the healthcare provider to employ appropriate follow up exams such as colposcopy or a biopsy in a timely manner with the hope of preventing the cells from advancing to dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and eventually becoming cancerous. It is a fact that Pap smear screening lowers mortality with early detection. Thank you again to Dr. Nyakabau in sharing with us an easily preventable problem that can be solved with greater awareness from the public. I hope we all can be part of the solution. The question to this seemingly solvable problem in the developing countries and rural areas remains: How??
