Attention – Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Mr. Chawalit is a traffic police officer stationed in the beautiful city of Rotorua, New Zealand. Together with his wife Kimberly, they are proud parents to an extremely energetic ten-year-old boy, Nathen.
While Nathan excels on the pitch as the star inside center of his school’s under eleven rugby football team, his academic struggle and inappropriate social interaction with his peers has become a major concern amongst the teachers at his school. After meeting with the school’s counselor, Mr. Chawalit brings his son to the pediatric office for a physical and a consult. Mr. Chawalit begins by explaining to the doctor that his son has always been a bundle of energy. He is constantly in motion! From ruining the flowerbeds in the backyard to climbing on the kitchen countertop against the will of his dear mother (who cannot for a minute let Nathen out of her sight), the boy somehow just seems to always be tireless. Moreover, whenever Mr. Chawalit attempts to engage in a fun yet intellectually stimulating activity with his son, such as reading an adventure story to him, Nathen never seems to give his full attention and often loses track of the plot of the story. He reveals to the doctor that his initial hopes were that his son’s discipline would naturally improve with age and with his recent enrollment at a top boarding school, the strict environment would teach him how to master some of his impulsive behavior and at the same time, cultivate his excess energy into something positive such as learning the importance of teamwork by participating in various sports. While Nathen has been attending the boarding school for about almost one year, his behavior and demeanor has mostly been similar to before his enrollment. Next, the doctor takes a close look at Nathen’s academic progress report written by his teachers brought along to the appointment by Mr. Chawalit. Interestingly, all of his teachers agree that Nathen has trouble settling himself down at the beginning of each class. Most teachers elaborated further on his tendencies to fidget, tap his fingers on his desk rapidly and how he can hardly contain himself in his seat for the duration of the lesson. In addition to this, Nathen lacks self-control as evident by some of his teacher’s observation of his difficulty and struggle in waiting for his turn. Blurting out answers to a question directed at other students is a common occurrence, which often leads to interruption of the harmony of the classroom as well as other student’s concentration and thought process. Furthermore, Nathen’s teachers in the subject of history and geography both express genuine concern over his academic performance and wellbeing. In their evaluation, they agreed that Nathen is very easily distracted, appears not to be listening to their instructions even when they speak to him directly and individually. His lack of attention is no doubt a contributing factor in Nathen’s habitual incomplete homework and careless mistakes in class assignments. On the social side of his evaluation card, Nathen’s rugby football coach praises his natural athletic abilities. According to him, Nathen is by far the best rugger player on his under eleven squad. However, the only thing keeping Nathen from becoming the team’s captain is his inability to work together with his teammates. He goes on to explain Nathen’s tendencies to talk over his fellow players, and his constant bickering throughout practices and matches at players on his squad to immediately pass the ball to him. While it is true that Nathen is indeed a special athlete, his behavior defeats the purpose of exposing student athletes to the feeling of camaraderie as a group and learning the importance of achieving a common goal of working together as a team. Unequivocally, from reading Nathen’s evaluation report, the doctor clearly senses that Nathen’s struggle inside the classroom as well as his inability to fit in with his peers is indeed cause for a legitimate concern amongst his teachers. The final page of the report card further explains that for the past six months, Nathen has been working with the school’s psychologist on social skill training to better control of his impulses when interacting with his classmates and teachers. Furthermore, the psychologist provides Nathan with behavior therapy and as well as weekly counseling in order to decrease his tendencies to be easily distracted while simultaneously employing various techniques to increase his attention span with the hope of eliminating his distractibility during class and extracurricular activities. The school’s psychologist report finished with an optimistic tone that with ongoing behavior therapy, she hopes that Nathen will be able to thrive both inside the classroom and have a positive relationship with his peers. As the doctor meticulously goes through Nathen’s family, social and birth history, he was able to compile information to narrow down the possible diagnosis. According to Mr. Chawalit: Nathen was born at thirty-nine weeks (full term pregnancy), with uncomplicated vaginal delivery. He explains further that his wife Kim does not smoke cigarettes, take non-prescription drugs nor drink alcoholic beverages. He admits that he himself suffered from alcoholism in his youth but thanks to family intervention and alcoholic anonymous meetings at his hometown of Chachoengsao Province in Thailand, he was able to overcome his illness and discover the importance of health once he met his wife Kim. He continues to explain that his son has never had any health issues and that his diet is considered balanced and healthy (boarding school diet). When asked if Nathen likes candy and roughly how much sweets he consumes in a week, Mr. Chawalit points out that like all of the students at the school, they receive candy every Tuesdays, Thursdays and the ice cream van comes to the school on Sundays as the coup de gras to the week! From the history gathered, the doctor can conclude that Nathen went through a full-term birth and uncomplicated spontaneous delivery, ruling out any complications that may present with premature birth or the risk of potential neurological injury associated with a complicated delivery process as a direct cause of some of the symptoms and concerns brought forward by many who care for Nathen’s wellbeing. (The use of tools such as forceps during delivery has been known to cause neurological injury). Furthermore, Nathen’s mother Kim does not drink alcohol, nor use tobacco products nor take non-prescription drugs. This rules out any potential neurological and developmental delays due to prenatal substance exposure. Lastly, as Nathen receives the same amount of sweets and treats as his peers at the boarding school (three times per week), the doctor does not believe that his hyperactive behavior is due to high sugar in his diet. Next, the doctor moves on to the physical examination. He notes that Nathen is a very cooperative, friendly and generally an easy going talkative ten-year-old boy. Physical evaluation including the sound of his lungs and heart proves normal. In addition to this, Nathen’s blood work from his yearly physical indicates that his chemistry is within normal limits for his age including his thyroid hormone level. (Too much thyroid hormone can cause symptoms such as restlessness and irritability in children). Next, the hearing and vision examination yields normal findings. This particular examination is extremely important as vision or hearing impairment can be a contributing factor to behaviors such as failure to pay attention in the classroom. Based on Nathen’s medical history and the result of the physical examination, the doctor is able conclude that his behavioral concerns do not stem from his physical health as Nathen is developing inline physically for a ten-year-old boy. However, with history of significant behavior problems both at home and at school which is by all account severe enough to interfere with daily function, the doctor suspects that Nathen suffers from attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). The doctor explains to Mr. Chawalit that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by the individual showing signs of inattention, having short attention span and hyperactive behavior. These characteristics are severe enough to hinder the individual’s daily life including academic performance and relationship with peers. The doctor elaborates that diagnosing ADHD in a child can be tricky and that ruling out medical causes of the symptoms through medical exam and medical history is vital. Generally, the diagnosis is made when the patient displays characteristics of ADHD before the age of twelve and the duration of symptoms lasts for more than six months. Furthermore, the patient must exhibit characteristics of ADHD behavior in at least two different environments, such as at home and at school that are severe enough to interfere with their daily functioning. The doctor would like Nathen to continue counseling with the school’s psychologist with special attention in behavioral therapy and social skills training. In addition to this, the doctor would like to start Nathen on a trial of a medication called methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is a central nervous system stimulant. It is believed that patients with ADHD may have some functional impairments with some of the neurotransmitter (particularly dopamine) that plays a role in our ability to concentrate and focus. Thus, giving methylphenidate to these patients can stimulate their neurotransmitter in the brain resulting in improvement of their attention span leading to a positive outcome inside the classroom. Nathen will visit the doctor’s office regularly in order to appropriately adjust the dosage of his medication to a healthy level with respect to the school’s psychologist report of his progress inside the classroom and in social settings amongst his peers. The doctor explains to Mr. Chawalit that while treatment will not completely cure ADHD, he hopes that with the right combination of medication and continued behavioral therapy, Nathen will continue to develop healthy social skills, self-control while build up his self-esteem in order to be successful moving forward to the next academic term.
