Endometriosis and Infertility
Mrs. Chapman is a thirty-year-old English woman living in Singapore. Together with her husband, they are both proud owners of a popular British restaurant located in the beautiful and lively historic Clarke Quay riverside area. Her restaurant is always busy with loyal patrons visiting throughout the day to indulge in their traditional hearty English dishes such as Shepherd’s Pie and Toad in the Hole.
Mrs. Chapman and her husband have been trying to have a baby of their own for the past two seemingly very long years to no avail. Collectively, they decided it was time to see a fertility specialist. Today Mrs. Chapman returns to the doctor’s office for a follow-up to discuss the lab findings from the previous visit. She greets the doctor as he enters the examining room and reveals to him that her husband is unable to make the appointment with her today due to the “busyness” at the restaurant, though he sends his warm regards. She shares with the doctor that her husband has been quite nervous about finding out the results of the of the lab test and in fact, she is almost certain that his “busyness” is probably just a ploy to avoid facing the outcome of the lab work in person. She was amused by her husband’s rather animated explanation this morning when he insisted that he must stay at the restaurant to go over the inventory as the Formula 1 Grand Prix of Singapore is fast approaching. He repeated that the Grand Prix weekend is always the busiest weekend of the year at their restaurant with the British fans from all over the globe pouring into their restaurant to let loose and cheer on their racing heroes such as Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button. Thus, he reiterated on staying put at the restaurant this morning to ensure that everything will be spot on! “Well I guess I’m sure you would agree that I’m braver than my husband on this adventurous fertility journey of ours, right doctor?!” Mrs. Chapman says with a big smile. “I can understand your husband’s anxiety concerning the result of the lab test. Too bad he isn’t here today because he would be relieved to hear that his semen analysis came back normal.” On prior visit to the office, Mr. Chapman provided a semen sample for analysis. According to ASRM (American Society for Reproductive Medicine), “In approximately forty percent of infertile couples, the male partner is either the sole cause or a contributing cause of infertility.” Since almost half of infertility cases are due to low semen quality/quantity, the initial infertility workup usually begins with semen analysis of the male partner. This is done to gauge the state of his sperm as the test yields a quick result, is non-invasive and furthermore, the test is relatively low cost. As a result, semen analysis conveniently allows the healthcare provider to quickly either rule in or rule out the male partner as a contributing cause of infertility. “I see, so where do we go from here now, doctor? Great to hear that my husband’s sperm analysis came back normal! I guess I am the problem then? Asks Mrs. Chapman, shaking her head in confusion. “I can understand your frustration, Mrs. Chapman. However, I am happy that we were able to rule out your husband as the contributing factor to your inability to become pregnant. This narrows down the possible causes and will allow us to specifically focus our investigation on you. We will get to the bottom of this I assure you! If it is alright with you Mrs. Chapman, I would like to ask further questions so that I can get a better idea of where we are at.” “Of course doctor!” swiftly replied Mrs. Chapman. “How often do you and your husband have intercourse, Mrs. Chapman?” “Often Doctor! We have our daily romantic time and of course we don’t use any form of contraceptives.” said Mrs. Chapman. “Are you currently taking any kind of medication?” “Just prenatal vitamins recommended by my Obstetrics, other than this I am not taking anything, doctor.” “Do you smoke cigarettes?” “No, I don’t smoke, doctor.” “This next question may be sensitive Mrs. Chapman, and I apologize in advance. I want to remind you again that as your doctor, everything we discuss here is confidential and is strictly between you and me. Have you ever been treated for any kind of sexually transmitted diseases?” asks the doctor. “No doctor, never. I’ve never had any kind of sexually transmitted diseases. I am proud to say that my husband has been and will continue be the only man in my life.” Mrs. Chapman answers with a smile. The reason that the doctor asks Mrs. Chapman questions concerning her social and medical history here is to narrow down some of the possible reasons as to why she has been unable to become pregnant. Some types of medication (particularly psychiatric medications, steroids, and thyroid medicines) can interrupt certain reproductive hormones in the body leading to the failure of ovulation during menstrual cycle. Similarly, tobacco smoking can interfere with the body’s ability to generate enough estrogen hormone during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (estrogen hormone increases rapidly during this phase of menstrual cycle triggering release of egg), in order to successfully trigger the release of egg from ovaries (ovulation). Without the release of the egg from the ovaries, fertilization cannot take place. As previous medical history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) appears to be a leading cause of infertility in female, the question concerning any past treatment of STD the doctor posted to Mrs. Chapman was perhaps the most important question so far during the interview. In women with previous history of STD, scar formation accumulates from repeated inflammatory episodes on the female anatomy of the pelvic region. This is especially common on the fallopian tube, which has a function of transporting the egg to the uterus. In the case that the fallopian tube has been damaged from previous infections, scar tissue around the area can prevent contact between the egg and sperm prohibiting the process of fertilization. The doctor quickly glances at Mrs. Chapman’s chart to see her weight and height. Once he saw that she maintains normal weight for her height he quickly was able to rule out underweight as the cause of her inability to bear child. Being underweight can have an adverse effect on the body’s ability to ovulate regularly. “ Have you been having menstrual period every month, Mrs. Chapman?” the doctor politely asks. “Yes, every month, doctor.” “Have you ever experienced symptoms relating to your menstrual cycle in the past, and do you currently experience any symptoms during your menstrual period?” “Well, I used to have severe low abdominal cramps during my menstrual periods when I was around twenty-five years old. At that time, my doctor told me that it was caused by hormones and that it was considered normal for menstrual period. Eventually, he gave me oral contraceptive pills to take and the symptoms were gone. A couple years ago I stopped taking the contraceptive pills as my husband and I wanted to try for a baby. Ever since I’ve discontinued the oral contraceptives, I have noticed that the pain seems to be increasing with each cycle. Moreover, I appear have to gained additional symptoms related to my menstrual period as each year passes.” “I see, please tell me more about your additional symptoms.” the doctor urges Mrs. Chapman to continue. “In addition to my severe menstrual pain and cramp doctor, I often have this extremely painful bowel movement especially during my menstrual period. In addition to fatigue and occasional nausea… This is a little embarrassing but lately, I often experience severe pain whenever my husband and I have our romantic time together.” Confesses Mrs. Chapman. Given Mrs. Chapman’s age, her symptoms of severe painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), pain during intercourse (dyspareunia), painful bowel movement (dyschezia), coupled with her social history of her inability to become pregnant despite frequent intercourse with her husband without any form of contraceptives for over a period of one year. The doctor explains to her that he is highly suspicious that she suffers from a disease known as endometriosis. According to The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), roughly around ten percent of all child bearing age women have endometriosis. On the report of this statistic, endometriosis is without a doubt a common health problem amongst women that needs to be brought to attention. During each menstrual cycle, under the influence of hormones estrogen and progesterone, the tissue that specifically lines the inside of the uterus (the endometrium) increases its vascularity and thickens. This thickening of the tissue inside the uterus during each cycle is for the purpose of the possibility of a fertilized egg to implant itself onto the uterus wall to further develop itself into an embryo (of course for this to occur a sperm must meet and fertilize the egg during the menstrual cycle). However, in the case that the sperm and the egg do not meet and fertilization does not occur, the thickened tissue inside of the uterus slaughters off and leaves the body via the vaginal cavity (menstrual bleeding), and the whole process begins again for the next cycle. In patients with endometriosis, the tissue that is supposed to exclusively line the inside of the uterus can appear anywhere in the pelvic region outside of the uterus with the most common attachment site being on the ovaries. As the menstrual cycle progresses, the out of placed endometrial tissue thickens just as they were programed to do as if they were inside of the uterus (their natural environment). In contrast to the normal shedding of the tissue inside of the uterus where they leaving the body via the vaginal cavity at the end of each cycle, for patients with endometriosis the endometrial tissue that has been growing outside of the uterus also shed but instead of leaving the body they have no way to exit so they simply continues to build up inside the pelvic cavity. Symptoms and complications of endometriosis depends on the location of where the inappropriate endometrial tissue is situated and the length of time it has been accumulating. Infertility can occur when the endometrial tissue gradually builds up around the ovaries and the fallopian tube preventing the egg and sperm from meeting. The symptom of painful intercourse (dyspareunia) that Mrs. Chapman experiences is due to the endometrial tissue growing around the lower part of her uterus and behind the vaginal cavity. This leads to pain from stretching of the endometrial tissue onto nerves and ligaments of the pelvic during penetration resulting in pain and discomfort. Some patients have painful bowel movement (dyschezia) during menstrual cycle. This is because the endometrial tissue can attach on the intestines and accumulate with each cycle. In addition, during the interview, Mrs. Chapman reveals that her menstrual pain progressively gets worse every year. This is because with each cycle the endometrial tissue accumulates and eventually the buildup impedes onto other structures inside the pelvic area contributing to heightening of the painful sensation during menstruation (Secondary dysmenorrhea). Physical examination appears within normal limits other than a small cyst-like mass palpated during her pelvic exam. Next the doctor performed a transvaginal ultrasound, a type of imaging study in order to have a better understanding of the activity inside of her pelvic cavity. The results indicate that Mrs. Chapman has what appears to be a few cysts inside of her pelvic area, especially around the area of her ovaries. The doctor explains to Mrs. Chapman that in order to accurately confirm her diagnosis of endometriosis, he would like to perform a laparoscopy procedure. He continues to explain that this procedure is done under general anesthetic where he will make a small incision near her belly button and insert a small camera inside of her pelvic area to look for the endometrial tissue that appears outside of her uterus. During the procedure, he will be able to biopsy the tissue for confirmation that it is indeed endometrial tissue, assess the location and the accumulation of the inappropriate tissue growth, and most importantly he will be able to plan the correct therapy going forward. This is important as different stages of endometriosis will dictate a different management plan. (We will explore this in future articles.) Mrs. Chapman underwent the laparoscopy procedure. The result of the tissue biopsy found inside of her pelvic cavity confirms the doctor’s suspicion that her symptoms are due to endometriosis. (Note that the endometrial tissue is supposed to be inside of the uterus only not all over the pelvic cavity.) He shares with Mrs. Chapman that during the laparoscopic procedure he saw many layers of slaughtered off endometrial tissue and blood that must have been building up around her ovaries and near the fallopian tube for many years, (chocolate cyst). The doctor is positive that the chocolate cyst around her ovaries and fallopian tubes is the reason that is preventing her egg from meeting Mr. Chapman’s sperm. Without the sperm and the egg meeting no fertilization can take place. The doctor shares with Mrs. Chapman that since she would like to have a baby, the best treatment for her going forward would be through a laparoscopic surgery to remove as much of the endometrial tissues around her ovaries and the fallopian tubes as possible to restore a fluid pathway for her egg to comfortable travel uninterrupted to meet the sperm and implant itself on to her uterus during her menstrual cycle. Mrs. Chapman readily agrees to this treatment plan. She is cautiously optimistic that at this at this time next year, she and her husband will be celebrating the Singapore Formula 1 Grand Prix at their restaurant with their baby in their arms sporting a McLaren Honda F1 team baby suit.
