Snoring and Sleep Apnea
Are you having trouble sleeping at night due to loud snoring of a roommate or a family member? Have you found yourself courteously waking them up with the intention of easing their snoring just to hear them minutes later shaking the whole building with the sound of their thunderous snore? Brontide snores are not pleasant for anyone, and while snoring might seem like a simple nuisance, an even more serious condition might be present. Unchecked complications can occur so a visit to your primary care provider is a must!
It is possible that the loud snorer and disturber of peaceful night sleep could have a potentially serious condition known as sleep apnea. It is estimated that sleep apnea affects more than 100 million people worldwide, while approximately 80 percent go undiagnosed. There are two types of sleep apnea: central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea. While in both types there is difficulty breathing while sleeping (resulting in not enough oxygen being taken into our system while carbon dioxide continues to build up in our body), the two types have different causes. The less frequent type of sleep apnea is called “central sleep apnea”. This type of sleep apnea is categorized as a central nervous system issue in the sense that the brain experiences decreased respiratory drive during the sleep cycle. The second type of sleep apnea, “obstructive sleep apnea” represents the majority of sleep apnea cases (ninety-five percent of the case). Patients usually present as overweight individuals who experience frequent complaints of excessively loud snoring from their roommates or family members. The cause for loud snoring is the patient’s excess weight compressing down on the chest cavity. The fat tissues around the neck squeeze the trachea (the breathing tube), in turn interrupting normal breathing patterns. The patient will complain of excessive daytime sleepiness, headaches, impaired memory/judgment, and even depression. These symptoms may be attributed to the disruption of equilibrium in the body (due to build up of carbon dioxide from inadequate gas exchange during sleep). As breathing is inadequate at night, this leads to decreased oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide due to hypoventilation (shallow breathing which is inadequate for gas exchange). The increase in carbon dioxide places the body in a state known as “respiratory acidosis”, which leads to a physiological response from our kidneys by releasing more bicarbonate in an attempt to return our body to a neutral state. Simply put, sleep apnea not only decreases oxygen supply to important systems, including the brain, but also places tremendous strain on our body in an attempt to compensate for the imbalance. Once the patient consults the caregiver about the loud snoring and symptoms of sleep apnea, the patient will be sent to a sleeping lab for an accurate diagnosis of sleep apnea. There, the patient will undergo a sleep study called “polysomnography” where biophysiological changes will be recorded and analyzed during sleep. A diagnosis of severe sleep apnea is confirmed when a patient experiences more than thirty periods of apnea (the suspension of breathing) lasting more than ten seconds each in one night of sleep. Since obstructive sleep apnea occurs mostly due to being over weight, the initial treatment is simply to adopt a healthy diet and incorporate more physical activity into the daily routine in an attempt to shed off weight. Episodes of obstructive sleep apnea will decrease at night once the excess weight pressing down on the respiratory system is removed. In addition to weight loss, a machine called CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is used to help in keeping the airway open at night ensuring that adequate ventilation occurs while sleeping. In addition to weight loss, avoiding alcohol especially near bedtime is essential. Alcohol is a form of depressant that has the ability to decrease our respiratory drive. If all of these interventions fail, surgery to resect (cut) part of the uvula, palate, and pharynx can be performed to widen the airway, ensuring adequate ventilation. Without treatment, the lack of oxygen and build up of carbon dioxide in the system caused by sleep apnea increases health risks such as: high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke, amongst some of the many serious complications. I wish everyone a peaceful and healthy sleep _/|\_
