Anorexia Nervosa
Let’s have a look at a scenario: Ms. Kathaleeya is a seventeen-year-old high school student who was brought to the hospital by her mother. Her mother explains to the emergency room doctor that her daughter fainted at ballet rehearsal. Ms. Kathaleeya’s loss of consciousness was brief, and once she regained consciousness she displayed no signs of confusion or disorientation. Even though Ms. Kathaleeya insisted to her mother and her ballet master that she feels perfectly fine and wants to resume rehearsing for her upcoming dance, her mother decided to immediately have her evaluated at the hospital for her own safety.
As soon as the emergency room doctor meets with Ms. Kathaleeya, he immediately notices her to be a fatigued, frail, and extremely underweight seventeen-year-old girl, who is still in her ballet uniform as her mother rushed her to the hospital from rehearsal. She appears mildly dehydrated so the emergency room doctor swiftly starts her on an intravenous (IV) saline solution in order to replenish her. While Ms. Kathaleeya is resting, the doctor asks her mother if she has noticed any changes in her daughter’s behavior lately, or if she is aware of any situations that may potentially cause her to be under a lot of stress. Her mother proudly informs the doctor that her daughter is a model student. She was elected to be the class president this year and has always been at the top of her class with a perfect grade point average. In addition to ballet, she is involved in many extracurricular activities, including volunteering at a children’s hospital in Bangkok with the playroom department. She smiles and continues to share that her daughter has already been accepted to two universities in the United States of America. The University of Miami has offered her a full scholarship to enter their pre-medical program, while another university, the Juilliard School of performing arts has accepted her to their dance program with a scholarship to continue her studies in ballet. This has been a very tough and stressful dilemma for Kathaleeya, notes her mother. In the end Ms. Kathaleeya chose to continue to explore her passion of ballet by making the decision to enroll at Juilliard in the coming fall semester. Her mother confesses that this year she has noticed some alarming signs in her daughter’s behavior. Her daughter has always been thin but this year she has lost even more weight. On the weekends she likes to cook large meals for her family and friends. While her friends would enjoy many servings of her cooking, her mother noticed that Kathaleeya hardly ever touches any of the foods. She would instead be sitting at the corner of the table, cutting away carrots on her plate into smaller pieces. On weekdays after returning home from ballet practice, instead of having a proper sit-down dinner with her parents, she would regularly make excuses to eat in her own room, or tell her mother that she already ate dinner with her friends at the ballet school. Her mother realized there was a genuine serious concern with Kathaleeya two days ago when she went to clean her daughter’s room. She came across a notebook containing daily calorie log with notes of ways to lose more weight. On top of this, her mother also found laxative pills in her bathroom. The doctor thanks the mother for explaining the situation and suggests that they go and see how Kathaleeya is doing since he wants to ask further questions and perform a brief physical examination. “Hello Kathaleeya, how are you feeling? Your mother brought you to the hospital because you had a brief episode of loss of consciousness.” the doctor says. “I feel very tired, doctor, but I am feeling a little better now.” “I have had the chance to talk with your mother a few minutes ago, she is extremely proud of you. However, she is very concerned about your health. She told me that you have lost a lot of weight recently. Can you tell me more about this?” “Can’t you see that I am fat, doctor?” Kathaleeya breaks down into sobs. “I am always hungry and exhausted, but I need to lose weight.” A brief physical examination shows that she is extremely thin and frail. Her hair and skin appears very dry. Her blood pressure indicates a very low reading while her pulse rate is elevated. The doctor explains to her that her low blood pressure can be attributed to dehydration and asks if she drinks enough water throughout the day, especially during activities such as ballet. “I realize this may sound a bit silly, doctor. I know I should drink more but I don’t drink water that much because sometimes I feel bloated and fat when I drink water throughout the day.” says Kathaleeya. “Just one more thing Kathaleeya, have you been having regular monthly menstrual periods?” politely asks the doctor. “It has been normal until around seven months ago doctor, I have not had a menstrual period for about seven months now. I don’t know what is going on with my body. There is no way that I can be pregnant doctor. I do not have a boyfriend, and I concentrate on my studies only!” The rest of the physical examination appears within normal limits, including her thyroid gland on palpation. The doctor quickly glances at Kathaleeya’s chart to note her height and weight in order to see what her BMI is (body mass index). He works out that her BMI is 15.5, which indicates that Kathaleeya is severely underweight as the value of the BMI in a healthy weight individual should be around 25. (The formula for BMI is the patient’s weight in kilograms divided by the patient’s height in meters squared.) The doctor shares with Ms. Kathaleeya and her mother that based on the history provided, coupled with the fact that she is severely underweight, he has strong suspicions that Kathaleeya suffers from a type of eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. He calmly explains to Kathaleeya and her mother that he would like to keep her in the hospital for a few days to monitor her electrolytes and general health as patients with anorexia often have abnormal chemistry, which can be fatal. He also wants to draw blood to check for, CBC (complete blood count), to rule out other disorders such as anemia that would cause her to have symptoms of tiredness, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), to check for the function of her thyroid gland as over function gland will lead to increase in her body’s metabolism resulting in weight loss, and BMP (basic metabolic panel), to monitor her chemistry to make sure her body is at a stable state. The doctor further elaborates to Kathaleeya and her mother on eating disorders and anorexia in order to ease their anxiety through better understanding. He explains that anorexia usually affects young females typically between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The diagnosis is confirmed when the patient is underweight because of food restriction, the patient has an intense fear of gaining weight, and experiences amenorrhea (absence of menstrual period) for 3 cycles or more due to low body weight, which puts a tremendous stress on the body resulting in suppression of hormones involved in ovulation. Similarly to Kathaleeya, patients are usually described as very meticulous individuals. For example: perfectionists, their grade rank amongst the top of their class, often star athletes of their school, and they take pride in their appearance. Even though they avoid eating, they like to be around food and often cook elaborate meals for others as a psychological compensation for their urge to eat. The doctor quickly points out that the main difference between anorexia to the other common eating disorder, bulimia, is that patients with bulimia have a normal weight range. Furthermore, patients with bulimia do not possess the element of food restriction such as patients with anorexia. Instead, they have frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain such as vomiting, excessive exercise, and laxative use. Kathaleeya expresses that she understands the seriousness of her condition and feels relief that the burden of dealing alone with an eating disorder has been lifted from her. As difficult as it may be, with the help of the health care personnel and the support of her family, she is willing to face her illness head on and make the necessary chances to her behavior in order to recover physically and mentally. As the hard worker that she has always been she vows to be as healthy as possible before her enrollment at the Juilliard School this coming fall in New York City. She inquires the doctor of the treatment plan. He indicates to her that while she is here at the hospital for the next few days he will keep a close monitor of her blood chemistry and electrolytes especially her potassium level. As changes in the potassium level can lead to complications such as abnormal heart rhythm. Furthermore, he will refer her to a nutritionist that will monitor her diet. Last but certainly not least, she will meet with a psychiatrist for psychotherapy and behavior therapy that will help her to confront and come to terms with her illness. Confronting any disorder can be a daunting task resulting in a mild degree of anxiety. The psychiatrist can prescribe olanzapine, a type of SSRI that will decrease her level of anxiety leading to eliminating her chances of a relapse of food restriction behavior and self-image distortion. In addition to this, olanzapine will help her gain weight. The doctor looks forward to hearing of her improvements and wishes her the best of luck with her exciting venture at the Juilliard School.
