Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mrs. Griffin is a software engineer who recently earned a promotion. As a result of her well deserved elevation at the company, she is tasked to venture into a new city in order to oversee the operation of the company’s new branch. She has two children, a very energetic little four-year-old girl, Jill, and a twenty-four-month old boy, Jack. Today she arrives at the pediatric office in her new town for a first visit to establish a relationship with the new primary care provider to her two children.
She admits to the pediatrician that she is concerned about the development of her son, Jack. Her son Jack does not respond when she calls his name, nor does he make eye contact when she holds him. He babbles but has not yet produced any clear words. Mrs. Griffin points out to the pediatrician that this is a stark contrast to her daughter, Jill when she was twenty-four months old. During Jack’s age, Jill was more receptive, always flashing a big smile for everyone, and able to put together simple two word phrases, such as “want ball.” Mrs. Griffin admits that the worst part in all of this is that Jill is sad that her brother does not want to play with her. She smiles and hugs her brother often but he does not smile back. He appears to be in a happy little world of his own. As April is Autism Awareness Month, let’s take this occasion to understand the brave people who are affected by this disorder. According to data released by the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), in the Unites States, roughly one in sixty-eight children are affected by some form of autism spectrum disorder. Autism disorder is one of the four disorders grouped under pervasive developmental disorders. The other three include: Rett’s disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder leading to regression of physical and cognitive developments in a female child after five months of normal development, Asperger disorder (some consider this as high functioning autism since language skills are intact), and childhood disintegrative disorder, a severe developmental regression after more than two years of normal development. This group of disorders is characterized by issues in social interactions, behavior, and communication, usually appearing before the age of three. There is no specific medical test to diagnose autism. Almost always, parents are the first to notice the characteristics of autism as given in the scenario. These characteristics include: a lack of peer relationships, as in the example of emotionless interactions that Jack display towards his older sister, Jill, such as poor eye contact, absence of a social smile, scarce/bizarre speech, and repetitive behaviors. A hearing test should be recommended to rule out any hearing impairment in a child such as Jack who displays these behaviors as deafness can mimic social isolation characteristics presented in autistic children. (Jack does not respond to Mrs. Griffin or his sister calling his name – this can be from a hearing impairment, therefore a hearing test must be administered to rule out deafness in order to narrow down the differential diagnosis to the possibility of autism as the causation of social withdrawal.) In contrast to autism, Asperger disorder presents very similarly from the standpoint of the lack of social awareness by the patient. However, individuals with Asperger disorder do not acquire any language or intellectual deficits. In fact, Asperger's is considered very similar to high functioning autism. While the exact mechanism of causation in autism remains largely unclear, treatment and management such as special education, behavior management with the aim to improve the patient's ability to develop relationships, experience empathy, and relate with peers, remain the core of therapy. Above all, patience and understanding from family members, healthcare providers, and society remain the most vital part in the first step toward a successful outcome in autism management. My heart and prayers go out to anyone who is affected by this disorder.
