Alzheimer’s Disease
Let’s have a look at a scenario:
Mr. Manoon is a seventy-four-year-old man, who is accompanied by his son to the office for a visit with his primary care physician, with a chief complaint of a progressive decline in memory. His son informs the primary care doctor that his father, Mr. Manoon, is a retired professor who taught Thai language at the Department of Modern Languages at a prominent university in New York for over twenty years. Seven years ago, he moved back to Thailand to enjoy his retirement, and more importantly to be closer to his family, especially his beloved grandchildren. Mr. Manoon’s son continues to explain that he noticed his father’s memory slowly begin to deteriorate about five years ago, listing multiple common incidents, such as forgetting to turn off the stove after cooking, and failing to remember to leave food out for his cat, Manow. He continues to explain that he has had many unsuccessful conversations with his father, urging him to move in with his family, as it would be an honor for him to take care of his father. Yet, his father has always been a proud man and hates the idea that he is unable to care for himself. His son says that eventually he was able to force a compromise with his stubborn father -- he would come by his father’s house daily after work to see how he was doing, as they live very close to each other. His son explains that this year his father’s memory has declined dramatically. Every day when he would drop by his father’s house for a visit, he would often find his father looking for things that he misplaced, such as car keys or a remote control, only later to find them located in strange places such as in the refrigerator or the microwave. Furthermore, his son shares that his father tends to become upset more often, and surprisingly showed little emotion when told recently that his grandson was accepted into a top medical school in the nation. This emotionless demeanor is a stark contrast to the easygoing and caring personality that his father has always displayed to family members, as well as his former students. His son goes on to explain that yesterday while he was at work, he received a phone call from his father telling him to come pick him up as he forgot his way home during a routine grocery shopping trip. He confesses to the physician that this most recent episode of memory lapse was by far the most nerve-racking, as the grocery store is located right by his father’s house in the Nonthaburi province. He found his father wandering aimlessly in downtown Bangkok, trying to find his way home. When the primary care physician asks Mr. Manoon to describe what happened yesterday, Mr. Manoon slowly answers, “I don’t know doctor! I went grocery shopping and my mind went blanked.” The primary care physician explains to Mr. Manoon that he would like to ask him a few questions in order to assess his memory and concentration. Mr. Manoon slowly nods his head indicating to his doctor that he is now ready for the questions. (Here the physician wants to obtain Mr. Manoon’s baseline cognitive function by performing a simple mini mental status examination to gauge the patient’s orientation, memory, and attention span.) The doctor points to his shoe, then to his computer and a chair. “Shoe, computer, chair. Can you repeat these three words for me, Mr. Manoon?” Asks the doctor. “Shoe… computer… chair,” Mr. Manoon slowly repeats. “Very good, Mr. Manoon. Please remember these three objects. I will ask you to repeat them later during our conversation. Can you state your name please?” “I am Professor Manoon!” Mr. Manoon swiftly replies. “Can you tell me where you are at the moment and what year it is?” “I am at your office in Bangkok, Thailand. But I have lived in New York for over twenty years, doctor. And this year is… hmm… 2015, I think.” Mr. Manoon slowly replies. “Very good, Mr. Manoon. Since you lived in America for over twenty years could you tell me who is the current President of the United States of America?” Asks the doctor. “President Obama, doctor!” Mr. Manoon quickly replies. “Very good, and who was the President before President Obama?” “Before President Obama was… President Clinton, and before Clinton it was President… Reagan.” Mr. Manoon replies slowly, fumbling his words. (Here Mr. Manoon clearly gave the doctor an incorrect answer -- President Bush and President Clinton were the two Presidents before President Obama) “Can you countdown from fifty for me, subtracting seven each time?” “Why are you asking me to do this doctor?! This is very difficult!” Mr. Manoon shouts after a long moment. “I understand your frustration, Mr. Manoon. I have just one last question, and I am finished. Can you tell me the three objects I asked you to remember at the beginning of our conversation?” “Hmm… chair… That’s all I can remember, doctor” Mr. Manoon slowly answers, looking very confused. The results of this preliminary cognitive assessment indicate to the doctor that at this time, Mr. Manoon is correctly oriented to himself, time and place. However, it is evident that he has trouble concentrating and performing simple calculations, as well as recalling memories and forming new ones. The doctor will use these results as a baseline of Mr. Manoon’s cognitive functions. Next year when Mr. Manoon comes into the office for his yearly physical examination, the physician will ask a similar line of questions, and the results will be compared with his baseline results in order to gauge the year-to-year decline rate of his cognitive function. Despite Mr. Manoon’s difficulties speaking and recalling information, the doctor is happy to report that the results of the routine physical examination, including blood pressure, the sound of the heart, and the lungs, appear to be within the normal range for a seventy-four-year-old male. The physician expresses his strong suspicions to Mr. Manoon, and his son, that Mr. Manoon is likely suffering from a form of dementia known as Alzheimer’s disease. The doctor proceeds to explain that Alzheimer’s is by far the most common type of dementia, affecting an astounding number of around forty-five million individuals globally. The doctor continues to explain to Mr. Manoon, and his son, that while the exact cause of the disease is not yet fully understood, the pathology of the disease is believed to be the build up of plaques, and abnormally tangled structures of protein in the brain over a long period of time. This phenomenon eventually leads to difficulty in cell-to-cell communication of the brain, as well as the inadequate delivery of nutrients and other essential materials to the vital parts of the brain. Over time, brain cells begin to lose their many connections with each other, leading to cell death and significant brain shrinkage. The doctor explains to Mr. Manoon and his son that given Mr. Manoon’s advanced age, coupled with the history of progressive cognitive and memory deterioration over the last few years, provided by his son, he thinks that Alzheimer’s disease is certainly high on the differential diagnosis list. However, as Alzheimer’s is a diagnosis of exclusion, he would like to order a few additional tests to rule out any other diseases that could mimic dementia syndromes. The doctor orders a blood draw to check Mr. Manoon’s blood metabolic panel (BMP), as an imbalance in chemistry and electrolytes can cause a brief mental status change. Furthermore, he orders a thyroid function test as well as testing for vitamin B12 in the blood, as having very low levels of thyroid hormones and vitamin B12 can lead to memory loss. The last and most important test is a CT scan of the brain. (This is the only test that is expected to come back abnormal for an individual with Alzheimer’s). The doctor asks Mr. Manoon, and his son, to return to the office in three days to go over the results, and the management options moving forward. Three days later Mr. Manoon returns to the office accompanied by his son. As expected, all of the tests came back normal except for the CT scan, which shows symmetrical atrophy of the brain, (shrinkage due to the degeneration of cells). This confirms the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The doctor explains that he would like to start Mr. Manoon on an anti-cholinesterase medication such as donepezil or rivastigmine. The anti-cholinesterase class of medicines are believed to help slow down memory loss by maximizing a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential in cell-to-cell communication in the brain. Furthermore, the doctor explains that he will refer Mr. Manoon to a neurologist to monitor his brain function, and a psychiatrist to assess his mood changes, and behavior. The doctor goes on to emphasize how a strong support system for Mr. Manoon is essential, and that he wants Mr. Manoon to continue to lead a healthy and active lifestyle, with more social activities involving intellectual pursuits, as these activities have been shown to slow down the progress of Alzheimer’s by increasing pathways of neuron connections in the brain. Toward the end of the visit, Mr. Manoon realizes the seriousness of his condition and agrees to move in with his son. He proudly exclaims that this way he will be able to play chess and do crossword puzzles everyday with his smart grandson to try to stay sharp!