Alcoholism and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Let's have a look at a scenario: A thirty-seven-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident was brought to the emergency room on a Thursday night. A witness reported that the driver appeared to have misjudged the speed of his car while performing a tight turn onto a narrow street, crashing head on into a tree. The witness noted that the impact was quite forceful as the safety airbag deployed from the steering wheel of the car. He continues to explain that he called immediately for an ambulance and went to check on the driver who appeared unconscious with minor bruises and bumps.
On route to the emergency room via the ambulance, the injured driver regained his consciousness. He identified himself as Mr. Chawalit, and said, that other than the pain and soreness of his right chest he feels fine. Once at the emergency room, the health care personnel carefully examine and treat his minor bruises and cuts, along with ordering imaging studies of chest X-rays and a CT scan of the head. (This is due to his complaint of chest pain on the right side, and the fact that he experienced a brief episode of the loss of consciousness following the car accident.) The emergency room doctor was relieved that the CT scan of the head came back negative with no bleeding in the brain. However, Mr. Chawalit’s X-ray finding shows a rib fracture on the right side. The doctor shares his finding with Mr. Chawalit and recommends that he stay overnight at the hospital as a precaution so that they can manage his pain from the rib injury and have the medical team assess him the following day. The next morning while the nurse comes in to check on Mr. Chawalit, she notices he seems agitated. His hands are trembling as he paces back and forth. As Mr. Chawalit sees the nurse enter the room, he immediately begs her, “Nurse! Please help me! I don’t know what is happening. My head hurts, and my heart is beating so fast that it feels like it is about to come out of my chest, and on top of all this, I feel like there are ants crawling underneath the skin of my arms and face! Please get the doctor!” The nurse quickly informs the attending doctor on the medical floor of Mr. Chawalit’s condition. The doctor carefully looks through Mr. Chawalit’s admission file from the previous evening following his motor vehicle accident, including the CT and X-ray result. He also notices on the admission file that the emergency room doctor who evaluated and admitted Mr. Chawalit last night noted that there was a strong alcohol odor coming from Mr. Chawalit’s breath. The symptoms that Mr. Chawalit exhibits, such as trembling, anxiety, and tactile hallucination (the sensation of ants crawling underneath his skin), coupled with the fact that the emergency room doctor noted that the previous evening, when he admitted Mr. Chawalit, he smelled a strong odor of alcohol, guides the attending doctor to consider the possibility that Mr. Chawalit is showing signs of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. He immediately starts Mr. Chawalit on diazepam, thiamine (vitamin B1), folic acid, and glucose. Furthermore, he orders a blood draw for LFTs (liver function tests), and a blood toxicology screening. At this point, the doctor explains to Mr. Chawalit that the symptoms he is having could be from alcohol withdrawal and that the treatment being administered will soon ameliorate his condition. As Mr. Chawalit is still restless, the doctor informs him that he will wait a few minutes for the treatment to take effect and will return to check on his condition, and take a brief medical history. As the doctor was about to make his way out of the room, Mr. Chawalit’s sister arrives to check on her brother’s condition. She is very concerned about her brother, and wants to know if he will soon recover. With Mr. Chawalit’s permission, the doctor begins obtaining a brief medical history from his sister. “As you are aware, your brother was involved in a motor vehicle accident last night. He has a rib fracture on the right side that we believe will heal by itself. While we will continue to monitor his healing process, he shows signs of what we believe to be alcohol withdrawal behavior this morning that I am concerned about. Can you please help me understand the situation a little bit more, does he usually drink a lot of alcohol on a daily basis?” “Things have been very difficult for him doctor. He has been drinking heavily for the past year. He would have around six to seven bottles of beer throughout the day and at least two glasses whisky at nighttime. This has been going on for about a year now. We all have tried to help him to no avail.” “What triggered the heavy drinking?” “Our father has a farm in the Chachoengsao province. Around two years ago my brother began bringing some of our farm products to sell in Bangkok. Initially, he did very well, however, his business began to suffer as the economy took a tumble. From that moment on doctor, he began drinking very heavily everyday. It got so bad that he forgot to pay the rent and the electricity bill of his condo, not because he could not afford to pay, but because we was too busy drinking that he forgot to pay. At the moment he is living with me and my husband.” She sobs as she explains to the doctor. “Thank you for helping me understand the situation. Let’s both go and see how your brother is doing as I think he should be calmer now, and I have some questions I would like ask.” As the doctor enters the room, Mr. Chawalit is noticeably calmer. The doctor explains to him that his sister has been telling him some of the things that have been going on. The doctor confirms with Mr. Chawalit that for the past year he has been drinking up to seven bottles of beer during the day and at least two glasses of whiskey every night. His last drink of alcohol was yesterday evening before his car accident, and since his admission to the hospital he obviously has not had an alcohol beverage. “Mr. Chawalit, I believe that the symptoms of tremors and the sensation of ants crawling under your skin that you described to me this morning may be linked to your habit of alcohol use. I would like to ask you a few questions, and please indicate which ones sound familiar,” instructs the doctor. “Have you ever felt the need to cut down on your drinking? Have you ever felt annoyed when family and friends criticize your drinking habits? Have you ever felt guilty about drinking? Finally, have you ever felt the need to drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves and get rid of a hangover?” “Yes, to all of your questions doctor.” Replies Mr. Chawalit, looking down and nodding his head. The doctor shares with Mr. Chawalit and his sister that based on the interview, and the medical history provided, he suspects that Mr. Chawalit suffers from alcoholism, with perhaps an element of alcohol abuse, as he failed to fulfill his obligation of paying his rent and electricity bill due to his preoccupation of alcohol consumption. He continues to explain that it appears he has developed a tolerance for alcohol, where he must consume substantially large amounts of alcohol compared to normal individuals in order to successfully trigger an important neurotransmitter called GABA, which produces the sensation of relaxation. Furthermore, chronic alcohol consumption also suppresses glutamate, another neurotransmitter with the function of producing feelings of excitatory signals in the central nervous system. In order to compensate for this, in chronic alcohol users such as Mr. Chawalit, their glutamate receptors respond by elevating their levels of function more than in regular individuals. Therefore when chronic alcohol users stop their alcohol consumption, the glutamate neurotransmitter that was previously suppressed by alcohol is no longer suppressed, coupled with the up regulation of its receptor, the result produces hyperexcitability of the neurons along the central nervous system. This phenomenon is termed alcohol withdrawal. Mr. Chawalit’s admitted to alcohol consumption in excess everyday for the past year. Now it is clear that the symptoms that he experienced earlier are indeed of alcohol withdrawal. Without alcohol consumption to suppress his glutamate neurotransmitter once admitted to the hospital, his elevated unsuppressed neurotransmitter caused a rebound of his nervous system cells leading to his symptoms of withdrawal. The doctor continues to explain to Mr. Chawalit, that usually the withdrawal symptoms begin to improve after forty-eight to seventy-two hours, and that managing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal is very important as some of the symptoms can become life threatening. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms depends on how heavily the patient consumes alcohol on a daily basis before suddenly ceasing their alcohol intake. For a chronic alcohol consumer who stops drinking for more than 6 hours, they may experience withdrawal symptoms such as headache, tremulousness, and insomnia. Around twelve hours after their last alcoholic drink they may also experience hallucinations as Mr. Chawalit did. Forty-eight hours after their last alcoholic drink is extremely critical and close monitoring is required as heavy drinkers can display withdrawal symptoms such as tonic-clonic seizure, fever, elevation of blood pressure, and changes in heart rhythm that can be fatal. The doctor explains that this morning when he saw Mr. Chawalit’s symptoms coupled with the history of alcohol, which was noticed by the emergency room doctor, he immediately suspected that Mr. Chawalit was experiencing alcohol withdrawal. He shared with Mr. Chawalit that he started him right away on a medicine called diazepam, a type of benzodiazepine to alleviate his withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines enhance the effects of neurotransmitter GABA resulting in a relaxed and sedative state that negates the excitability of the central nervous system neurons in individuals going through alcohol withdrawal. At the same time while starting Mr. Chawalit on diazepam for alcohol withdrawal, he also started Mr. Chawalit on thiamine (vitamin B1) and folic acid. This is a preventative treatment for individuals with alcoholism. Alcoholics have deficiency of these vitamins, which can result in Wernicke’s syndrome with symptoms of confusion, unstable gait, loss of coordination, and weakness of the muscles of the eye, leading to movements that may cause double vision. The doctor insists that he will keep a close monitor on Mr. Chawalit’s symptoms over the next twenty-four hours and taper down on his diazepam medication accordingly, as his withdrawal symptoms improves. The next morning, Mr. Chawalit is very happy to report to the doctor that he no longer experiences any symptoms, and actually he had a very good night’s sleep. The doctor feels relieved that diazepam is helping his withdrawal symptoms and will keep a close monitor of the dosage of the medicine. He shares with Mr. Chawalit that the blood draw of his LFTs (liver function test), and toxicology report are back. His toxicology report does not show that he takes any illegal or prescription drugs which is encouraging for his recovery from alcoholism, as studies have shown that the road to recovery is twice as hard for alcoholics who also abuse illegal or prescription drugs. All of his liver enzymes appears elevated, especially GGTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), and AST (aspartate transaminase). An elevation of GGTP indicates that he has been drinking heavily recently while a high level of AST indicates that he has been using alcohol chronically and it is starting to cause damage to his liver. Mr. Chawalit confesses to the doctor that looking back on his actions, he realizes how dangerously alcohol has affected him physically, mentally, and socially. He would like to stay away from alcohol and move back to Chachoengsao to help his family run the farm. However, his worst enemy is himself, and he is afraid that he will relapse and begin drinking again. The doctor assures Mr. Chawalit that he would like to refer him to a psychiatrist who specializes in addiction to monitor his progress, and as well provide counsel to help reduce his craving and urges to have a drink of alcohol. The psychiatrist can potentially prescribe medication such as acamprosate (Campral), to decrease his alcohol craving if need be. Finally, the doctor shares that support from family and other people who are also recovering from alcoholism is very important. People who are going through the same situation share with each other their experiences and what they have lost through alcohol while encouraging each other to stay sober, as there is much to gain. This type of group is known as Alcoholics Anonymous, and the doctor will contact the group in Chachoengsao so that it will be convenient for Mr. Chawalit to attend while spending quality time with family and friends on his farm.
